Nutrition plays a key role in the body’s immune system and ability to fight disease.1 As digestion and absorption of nutrients begin in the mouth, changes in the mouth are often the first sign of an eating disorder.
Lack of proper nutrition has a profound impact on oral health.2 Nutritional deficiencies weaken the immune system.3 It can cause the gums and soft tissues of the mouth to become frail or worn away, bleed easily, recede and be more vulnerable to periodontal disease.4 Dehydration can lead to chronic dry mouth, mouth sores, burning tongue, mouth infections, bad breath, dry or cracked lips and swelling of the parotid or salivary glands.5 Lack of vitamin D decreases bone density, weakening the jaw and leaving teeth brittle and more prone to decay, chipping, cracking, and breaking.6 Depression and fatigue caused by malnutrition may contribute to poor oral hygiene and avoidance of going to the dentist. The erosion of enamel from nutritional deficiencies is further accelerated by excess stomach acids from vomiting, excessive ingestion of high sugar carbohydrates and digestive complications. It is these distinctive erosion patterns that may be the first indication of an eating disorder. Extensive oral disease, with missing, discolored, or damaged teeth and facial swelling will further aggravate poor body image and low self-esteem issues.7
Eating disorders negatively impact every system in the human body and malnutrition is the leading cause. While some health complications are immediately apparent, other unseen damage may grow and spread undetected.8 In addition, eating disorders have the highest mortality rates of all mental health disorders, with suicide cited as the second leading cause of death.
For the sake of their dental, mental, and physical health, people with eating disorders need to seek help. Unfortunately, eating disorder behaviors often provide a false sense of control and the person may come to believe that they cannot cope without them. They may not comprehend the seriousness of their condition or the consequences. They may also experience shame or guilt. Any or all of these factors often lead them to take extensive steps to hide their condition. They may be actively avoiding healthcare appointments for fear of being discovered. Keep in mind if your doctor or dentist suspects you have an eating disorder, your privacy is protected by law, and will be respected and maintained by all the healthcare providers who will work together to address your medical, dental, nutritional, and mental health needs.
Dr. Stephen Petras
An Illinois Licensed General Dentist